≡PARA ΦPAR@ ` ÉTEXT ` éGoldmark, Josephine Clara1877╨1950social researcherBorn in Brooklyn, New York, on October 13, 1877, Josephine Goldmark was the daughter of a well-to-do and cultivated family. After her father died in 1881, she grew up under the influence of Felix Adler, founder of the Ethical Culture movement, who earlier had married one of her sisters. (A few years later another sister married Louis D. Brandeis.) She graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1898 and studied English an additional year at Barnard College. While working as a tutor at Barnard in 1903╨1905, she became a volunteer assistant to Florence Kelley of the National Consumers╒ League. Within a short time she became publications secretary of the League and then chairman of its committee on legal defense of labor laws. The first of the painstakingly researched, massively detailed, and dramatically argued reports on social conditions that were to be her career appeared in 1907 under the title Child Labor Legislation Handbook. Five years of work went into the next one, Fatigue and Efficiency, published by the Russell Sage Foundation in 1912, in which she was able to demonstrate that excessive working hours were not only injurious to workers but also to overall productivity. She directed the research and compilation of facts that went into many of her brother-in-law╒s famous ╥Brandeis briefs,╙ notably the one filed in Muller v. Oregon in 1908, and after his appointment to the Supreme Court in 1916 she frequently served Felix Frankfurter in a similar capacity. In 1911╨1913 Goldmark served with Frances Perkins, Robert Wagner, Alfred E. Smith, and others on a committee investigating the disastrous fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York City in which 146 workers died. She published the Case for the Shorter Work Day in 1916 and The Case against Nightwork for Women in 1918. In 1919 she was named secretary of the Rockefeller Foundation╒s Committee for the Study of Nursing Education headed by Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow of Yale. As principal investigator for the committee, she examined more than 70 schools of nursing over the next four years. The resulting report, Nursing and Nursing Education in the United States, 1923, generally known as the Winslow╨Goldmark report, was of great effect in prompting the upgrading of nursing education, particularly through the establishment of university affiliations and national accreditation procedures. She also served for a time as director of the New York Visiting Nurses Service. In the 1920s she and Florence Kelley directed a campaign to secure protection for workers with radium paint in the manufacture of instrument dials. Her last book on social problems, Democracy in Denmark, appeared in 1936. Josephine Goldmark passed her last years in Hartsdale, New York, and died in White Plains, New York, on December 15, 1950. Her biography of Florence Kelley, Impatient Crusader, was published in 1953. styl ` ! ¬ 5¬ $ 5¬ 7 !I U !I ▐ d !I ┴ !I ß !I !I $ !I r !I é !I 5¬ !I ' !I ▐ 6 !I ÷ !I !I !I D !I p !I ó !I
